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In digital recording, audio signals or video signals are converted into a stream of discrete numbers, representing the changes over time in air pressure for audio, and chroma and luminance values for video, then recorded to a storage device. To play back a digital recording, the numbers are retrieved and converted back into their original analog waveforms. == Timeline history == *1938: British scientist Alec Reeves files the first patent describing Pulse-code modulation (PCM).〔(Robertson, David. ''Alec Reeves 1902-1971'' Privateline.com: Telephone History. ) Accessed Nov 14, 2009〕 It was first developed as a telephony technology.〔(ARSC Journal, Spring 2008, Thomas Fine )〕 *1943: Bell Telephone Laboratories develops the first PCM-based digital scrambled speech transmission system, SIGSALY,〔(J. V. Boone, J. V., Peterson R. R.: ''Sigsaly - The Start of the Digital Revolution'' ) Accessed Nov 14, 2009〕 in response to German interception of military telephone traffic during WWII. The twelve transmission points were retired after the war. *1957: Max Mathews of Bell develops the process to digitally record sound via computer. *1967: the first monaural PCM recorder was developed by NHK's research facilities in Japan.〔Thomas Fine, ibid.〕 The 30 kHz 12-bit device used a compander (similar to DBX Noise Reduction) to extend the dynamic range, and stored the signals on a video tape recorder. *1969: NHK expands the PCM's capabilities to 2-channel stereo and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution. *1970: James Russell (inventor) patents the first digital-to-optical recording and playback system, which would later lead to the Compact Disc.〔(Inventor of the Week, Michigan Institute of Technology ) Accessed Nov 14, 2009〕 *January 1971: Using NHK'S PCM recording system, engineers at Denon record the first commercial digital recordings, ''Something'' by Steve Marcus and ''Uzu: The World Of Stomu Yamash'ta 2'' by Stomu Yamashta. *1972: Denon unveils the first 8-channel digital recorder, the DN-023R, which is 47.25 kHz 13-bit PCM resolution using a 4-head open reel broadcast video tape recorder.〔Thomas Fine, ibid.〕 The first recording with this new system is the Smetana Quartet performing Mozart's ''String Quartets K.458 and K.421'', recorded in Tokyo April 24–26. Several other digital LPs follow. *1975: University of Utah professor Thomas Stockham develops a PCM digital audio recorder of his own design, using computer tape drives as the storage system. He founds the company Soundstream to offer it commercially. *1976: the prototype Soundstream 37.5 kHz, 16-bit, two channel recorder〔Thomas Fine, ibid.〕 is used to record the Santa Fe Opera performing Virgil Thompson's opera ''The Mother of Us All'' for New World Records.〔Soundstream#The company〕 However, the digital recorder is just a backup to the main analog multi-track recorder and the superior analog recording is used for the release by New World Records. The digital tape was presented at the 1976 AES Convention in New York, but never commercially released. *1977: Denon develops the smaller portable PCM recording system, the DN-034R. Like the DN-023R it records 8 channels at 47.25 kHz, but it uses 14-bits "with emphasis, making it equivalent to 15.5 bits." *August 28–31, 1977: Soundstream's PCM system runs in the background of a California direct to disc recording session by organist Virgil Fox for Crystal Records. When initially released the resulting LPs were pressed from the direct-to-disc acetate, though the later CD reissue (1987) comes from the digital backup tapes.〔(Virgil Fox ''The Digital Fox'' )〕 *November 28, 1977: Denon brings their DN-034R to New York and records Archie Shepp's ''On Green Dolphin Street'', making it America's first RELEASED digitally-recorded commercial album. When this is released on CD in 1984 by Nippon Columbia it also becomes one of the earliest digital-only CDs. Six other jazz albums are recorded with the DN-034R in New York before it returns to Japan in December.〔http://www.jazzdisco.org/archie-shepp/discography/〕 *April 4–5, 1978: Telarc uses Soundstream's PCM system to record Frederick Fennell and his Eastman Wind Ensemble playing Gustav Holst's ''Suites for Military Band'' and George Frideric Handel's ''Music for the Royal Fireworks.'' When released on LP this became the first US digitally-recorded classical release.〔http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=3791〕 *June 2, 1978: Sound 80 studios in Minneapolis records the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra performing Aaron Copland's ''Appalachian Spring''. This session is set up as a direct to disc recording, with an experimental 3M 50.4 kHz digital recorder in the background capturing the session. It is released on LP record as Sound80 Records S80-DLR-101〔https://www.thespco.org/about-us/recording-discography/〕 although possibly this release is taken from the direct-to-disc acetate rather than the digital backup. Later the session is re-released on Compact Disc by ProArte. *June 1978: Sound 80 records ''Flim and the BB's'' as another direct to disc recording again with the experimental 3M recorder in the background. This time the acetate is deemed not as good as the digital backup, so the digital master is used for the LP record (Sound80 Records S80-DLR-102). This makes it the first U.S. non-classical digital release. Within 6 months the hand-built 3M digital recorder is disassembled, rendering the non-standard master tape unplayable. Therefore, no Compact Disc reissue is possible. *1979: the first digital Compact Disc prototype was created in Japan by a joint venture of Sony and Philips. *1979: the first U.S.-recorded digital album of popular music (with vocals), ''Bop 'Til You Drop'' by guitarist Ry Cooder, was released by Warner Bros. Records. The album was recorded in Los Angeles on a 32-track digital machine built by the 3M corporation. Also, Stevie Wonder digitally recorded his soundtrack album, ''Journey Through the Secret Life of Plants'', three months after Cooder's album was released, followed by the Grammy-award self-titled debut album of American singer Christopher Cross which was also 3M digitally recorded album. *1982: the first digital compact discs are marketed by Sony and Philips,〔Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Compact Disc''. 2003 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.〕 and New England Digital offers the hard disk recorder (Sample-to-Disk) option on the Synclavier, the first commercial hard disk (HDD) recording system.〔(Synclavier history )〕 Also that same year, Peter Gabriel releases, ''Security'' and ''The Nightfly'' released by Donald Fagen, which both were the early full digital recordings. *1984: Sony released the Sony PCM-501ES digital audio processor, which for the first time allowed consumers to make their own digital recordings, using a VHS or Betamax video tape recorder as the storage media. *1987: Sony develops Digital Audio Tape *1990: digital radio begins in Canada, using the L-Band.〔(University of San Diego: ''Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS)'' ) Accessed Nov 14, 2009〕 *1991: Alesis Digital Audio Tape or ADAT is a tape format used for simultaneously recording eight tracks of digital audio at once, onto Super VHS magnetic tape - a format similar to that used by consumer VCRs. The product was announced in January 1991 at the NAMM convention in Anaheim, California. The first ADAT recorders shipped over a year later in February or March 1992.〔Peterson, George; Robair, Gino () (1999). ''Alesis ADAT: The Evolution of a Revolution''. Mixbooks. p. 2. ISBN 0-87288-686-7〕 *1993: RADAR (audio recorder) Random Access Digital Audio Recorder or (RADAR ) is the first single box device used for simultaneously recording 24 tracks of digital audio at once, onto hard disk drives. The product, manufactured by Creation Technologies ((iZ Technology Corporation )) was announced in October 1993 at the AES convention in New York, New York. The first RADAR recorders shipped in August 1994. *1996: optical discs and DVD players begin selling in Japan. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「digital recording」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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